MAYORS & POLITICS

World Mayors, their
parties and politics
By Andrew Stevens and Brian Baker, City Mayors Fellows


Mayors and politicsON THIS PAGE: Introduction | Gender & politics | International networks | Political internationals | Table: Top 60 cities and their mayors | International associations | Research | Contact & search

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Introduction
July 2023*: Even after a reassertion of the nation-state amid multiple global crises, policy interest in city mayors and their impact on most people’s lives remains undiminished, with planetary urbanisation as a megatrend continuing apace. It is well understood that by 2050 over two-thirds of the world’s population will live in cities, with a city the size of Stockholm added to the planet each week. But who even gets to govern the actual City of Stockholm and how? In this occasional survey (2009, 2011, 2014, 2018 and now 2023), City Mayors examines the impact of partisan politics on how city leaders are chosen in the world’s largest cities and what trends have emerged over this period.

As with previous surveys, we have assessed what political characteristics, if any, are shared across the mayors of the 60 world’s largest cities. For the latest survey, we found that:

• Most of the mayors listed were elected in the 2020s, with only three mayors serving since the first decade of this century
• Less than half the world’s leading city mayors are female, though they are well-represented among capital cities
• Of the 60 mayors listed, only 13 were elected from the centre-right, with left and centre mayors as the mainstream, though Africa and Asia elect fewer progressives
• Almost one-third of mayors listed had served at national level prior to their election


Gender and politics
On the whole, although just short of half (24 of 60) of the mayors on our list are women, they are well-represented among the world’s leading capitals, with the US, Japan, France, India, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, the Philippines and Sierra Leone all being led by female mayors.

Following the departure of Toronto’s John Tory (elected less than a decade ago in 2014) in early 2023, most big city mayors across the Americas were mainly elected in 2022 or 2021. A similar picture emerges in all other regions, with a number of European veteran mayors bowing out since the last survey in 2018 and only Sydney (2004), Zurich and Rotterdam (2009) as the main holdouts from the noughties. Of the mayors listed, several can be considered ‘retreads’, as Karin Wanngård returned to Stockholm City Hall in 2022, having previously served as mayor between 2014 and 2018, while Rio de Janeiro’s Eduardo Paes also returned to the City Palace in 2021, after his previous stint between 2009 and 2016 (both defeating one-term incumbents who had ousted them). Oh Se-hoon returned as head of the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2021, having previously served two terms from 2006 to 2011.

In contrast to our last survey, we have listed the mayors by their political hue according to their overall politics rather than cumbersome and often contradictory definitions on the political spectrum - for instance, many US mayors can be considered more progressive than their centrist counterparts at national level. In the main and as has been noted in other studies more recently, European big city mayors tend towards social democrats, with few exceptions (Athens, Helsinki and Madrid), with an increased showing of Greens (who would be expected to be considered progressive in their politics as well as their environmental focus). Greens have also broken through in Bogotá, Colombia and Wellington, New Zealand (the latter's Tory Whanau had worked for the Greens in Parliament but was elected as an Independent with their support). The list also includes an increased number of city-based parties, with Vancouver, Canada and Auckland, New Zealand both electing business-friendly mayors representing ‘better government’ coalitions. This has also been observed in both Tokyo and Osaka over the past decade where regional reformist parties have come to the fore (both breakaways from the ruling centre-right party nationally). Genuine independents are in fact few and far between, Jakarta’s Independent Governor is currently acting up in absence of the elected city chief and others elected as independents previously held memberships or associations with political parties in some capacity (Bangkok, Melbourne and Tokyo).

It is perhaps worth noting that in spite of mayoral governance appealing to politicians wanting to ‘get things done’ and act outside of the constraints of national legislatures, 25 mayors (out of the 60 listed) belong to the ruling party of their respective national government (for instance the six mayors belonging to US President Biden’s Democrats). A further 19 mayors had held national office (either serving in a legislature or as a government minister) prior to their election as mayor, with Tokyo’s Yuriko Koike serving in a number of cabinet posts (and parties) prior to becoming governor, while London’s Sadiq Khan attended Cabinet as a junior minister before seeking the capital’s mayoralty for the UK Labour Party in 2016. Amsterdam’s Femke Halsema had sat in the Dutch parliament and led its Green Party for a decade, with Rotterdam’s Ahmed Aboutaleb also serving in the Cabinet as State Secretary for Social Affairs. In a number of cases, this could in fact be seen as fairly unavoidable and unremarkable, for instance, the mayors of Beijing and Shanghai both belong to the Chinese Communist Party in its de facto one-party state. Most notably, however, the mayors of Ankara and Istanbul are both members of the Turkish main opposition Republican People’s Party and have been subject to severe sanctions by its ruling conservative AK Party government.

A number of mayors listed in our 2023 survey sit in an acting capacity, either as deputies acting up on a temporary basis in absence of an elected mayor (Beijing, Jakarta and Toronto) or have appointed non-partisan administrators until elections can be held (Mumbai). Prior to his 2019 city-wide election, Saint Petersburg’s Alexander Beglov was appointed as acting governor by President Putin in 2018. In 2022 Bangkok elected its first city chief since 2016, Chadchart Sittipunt, after the partial restoration of democracy to the capital (following the national imposition of military rule in 2014).

Finally, of the 60 listed, 38 mayors owe their office to direct election by citizens, with the remainder appointed from within city councils. Direct election is evident across the Americas, whereas in Europe two-thirds of city leaders are chosen indirectly by their fellow city councillors, particularly in the Benelux and Scandinavian countries but also France and Spain.


International networks
Outside of the data shown below, we have also mapped the participation of the mayors listed among international city networks. As the primary global city network for local climate diplomacy, the C40 Group counts not only the Mayor of London as its Chair, but also the mayors of Freetown, Barcelona, Oslo, Tokyo, Seoul, Buenos Aires and Bogotá as Vice Chairs. Mayor López of Bogotá is also Vice President of Metropolis and the United Cities and Local Governments organisation, which also includes the mayors of Barcelona and Paris as special representatives. Seoul’s mayor also sits on the Global Executive of ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability, while the mayors of Amsterdam, Brussels and Cape Town act as mayoral representatives on the standing Global Parliament of Mayors.


Political internationals
In contrast to previous editions of the survey, a number of mayors now belong to political parties represented by international associations. This is mainly due to the increase of Green Party mayors globally as their parties all belong to the Global Greens international. As social democrat mayors continue to dominate Europe's capital cities, they represent a similar showing for the Progressive Alliance, which has since eclipsed the Socialist International for member parties shown here. The conservative International Democrat Union now has only three city mayors in membership at this level, in Athens, Madrid and Seoul, while the far-left official/state communist grouping the International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties counts not only Beijing and Shanghai but also Santiago, Chile among its mayors’ parties.


World's top cities:
Their mayors, parties and politics

City, Country,
population
Mayor,
In office since
Party, politics,
election
Notes
AMERICAS
Boston
USA
655,000
Michelle Wu
Since 2021
Democratic Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1985
Daughter of Taiwanese immigrants. Former business owner and academic. First woman and first Asian American to be elected to office of mayor in city. Member of City Council 2014-2021.
Chicago
USA
2,700,000
Brandon Johnson
Since 2023
Democratic Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1976
Public schools teacher and organiser for the Chicago Teachers Union. Field organiser for Democratic Party campaign in 2015 city elections. Member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners 2018-23.
Los Angeles
USA
3,850,000
Karen Bass
Since 2022
Democratic Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1953
Worked for most of her life as a physician assistant. Member of State Assembly 2004-2010 and House of Representatives 2011-2022. First black female mayor of Los Angeles.
New York City
USA
8,470,000
Eric Adams
Since 2022
Democratic Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1960
Served in New York Police from 1984 - 2006 retiring with rank of Captain. State Senator 2006-2013. Brooklyn Borough President 2013-2021.
San Francisco
USA
815,000
London Breed
Since 2018
Democratic Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1974
First black female mayor of city. San Francisco Supervisor 2013-2018. Formerly Executive Director of African American Art and Culture Complex.
Washington DC
USA
670,000
Muriel Bowser
Since 2015
Democratic Party
(Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1972
Studied history and public policy to master's level.  City Council member 2007-2015, after a stint on Advisory Neighborhood Commission.
Toronto
Canada
3,030,000
Olivia Chow
Since 2023
Independent (non-partisan)
Directly elected
Born 1957.  Hong Kong-born and first Chinese-Canadian mayor of city, first female mayor of amalgamated city. City councillor 1992-2005 and New Democratic Party Member of Parliament 2006-2014. Also ran as candidate for mayor in 2014.
Vancouver
Canada
710,000
Ken Sim
Since 2022
ABC Vancouver (non-partisan)
Directly elected
Born 1970
First Chinese Canadian mayor of city. Runner-up with Non-Partisan Association in 2018 election. Businessperson. Co-founded Nurse Next Door Home Care in 2000.
Bogotá
Colombia
7,720,000
Claudia López Hernández
Since 2020
Green Alliance (Green)
Directly elected
Born 1970
Senator of Colombia 2014-2018. Political Scientist. Formerly columnist for several newspapers and UN consultant. First open lesbian mayor of a capital city in the continent. Previously Liberal Party from 1992-2004
Buenos Aires
Argentina
15,170,000
Horacio Rodríguez Larreta
Since 2015
Republican Proposal (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1965
Economist. Since 2019 Larreta has led the national opposition coalition 'Together for Change'.
Lima
Peru
9,800,000
Rafael López Aliaga
Since 2023
Popular Renewal (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1961
Studied industrial engineering, career in banking and finance. Member of Lima Metropolitan Council 2007-2010 and candidate for both national Congress (2011) and President (2021). National leader of the conservative Popular Renewal party.
Mexico City
Mexico
8,850,000
Claudia Sheinbaum
Since 2018
Elected as candidate of 'Together We Make History' alliance. Member National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1962
Energy Engineer. Published articles on energy and environment. Former Member of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Mayor of Tialpan 2015-2017. Secretary of the Environment Federal District 2000-2006. First elected female and first Jewish mayor of city.
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
6,280,000
Eduardo Paes
Since 2021
Social Democratic Party (Centrist)
Directly elected
Born 1969
Previously mayor from 2009 - 2016, when he became famous across the world as Rio prepared to host summer Olympics in 2016. Elected 2021 for the now defunct Democrats.
Santiago
Chile
6,160,000
Irací Hassler
Since 2021
Communist Party of Chile (Communist)
Directly elected
Born 1990
Economist. Was amongst leadership in 2011 students protests. Member of City Council 2016-2021.
São Paulo
Brazil
12,290,000
Ricardo Nunes
Since 2021
Brazilian Democratic Movement (Centrist)
Directly elected
Born 1967
Member of City Council 2013-2021. Formerly Vice Mayor (2021), now serving out term of the late Bruno Covas.
EUROPE
Amsterdam
Netherlands
920,000
Femke Halsema
Since 2018
GreenLeft (Green)
Indirectly elected
Born 1966
Member of Parliament 2000-2011. Criminologist. Also worked in journalism and academia.
Athens
Greece
640,000
Kostas Bakoyannis
Since 2019
New Democracy (Conservative)
Indirectly elected
Born 1978
Son of former World Mayor Dora Bakoyannis. Regional Governor of Central Greece 2014-2019.
Barcelona
Spain
1,630,000
Jaume Collboni
Since 2023
Socialists' Party of Catalonia (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1969.
Trade union leader and political administrator. Member of regional parliament 2010-2014, city councillor 2015- and Deputy Mayor 2019-2023.
Openly gay.
Berlin
Germany
3,680,000
Kai Wegner
Since 2023
Christian Democratic Party (Conservative)
Indirectly elected
Born 1972
Elected to the German Parliament aged 33 (2005-2021) after working as an insurance salesman. Held a number of local party posts for the Christian Democrats (CDU), including secretary general (2011-16) and chair (2019-). Elected to Berlin State Parliament in 2021. Succeeded as Governing Mayor following 2023 re-staged city elections and a mandate for his administration between his Christian Democrats and the centre-left Social Democrats (CDU / SPD).
Brussels
Belgium
1,220,000
Philippe Close
Since 2017
Socialist Party (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1971
Became mayor after Yves Mayeur resigned following allegations. Council member since 2006. Chef de Cabinet for Mayor Thielemans 2001-2006. Member, Capital Region Parliament 2009-2017. M. Close is Vice President of the Socialist Party.
Copenhagen
Denmark
650,000
Sophie Haestorp Anderson
Since 2021
Social Democratic Party (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1974
First elected to parliament aged 27 in 2001. Led Regional Council of Capital Region 2014 - 2021.
Frankfurt
Germany
760,000
Mike Josef
Since 2023
Social Democratic Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1972
Emigrated to West Germany as a child refugee from Syria. Studied political science at Goethe University Frankfurt. Elected as city council in 2011, entering the city administration in 2016 (to 2023) as executive member for planning and housing.
Helsinki
Finland
650,000
Juhana Vartainen
Since 2021
National Coalition Party (Conservative)
Indirectly elected
Born 1958
Worked as a researcher and manager. Employed in Sweden 2003-2012. Member of Finnish parliament since 2015.
Kiev
Ukraine
2,950,000
Vitali Klitschko
Since 2014
Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform (Centrist)
Directly elected
Born 1971
Former boxer winning world championships in both amateur and professional spheres in both orthodox and kick-boxing. Holds the posts of Mayor and of Head of Administration, roles which had previously been split. Council member 2006-2012. Member of Parliament 2014-2021.
London
UK
8,890,000
Sadiq Khan
Since 2016
Labour Party
(Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1970
Son of Pakistani immigrants to UK. Lawyer. Re-elected 2021. Member of UK Parliament 2005-2016 and Transport Minister 2009-2010.
Madrid
Spain
3,280,000
Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida
Since 2019
People's Party (Conservative)
Indirectly elected
Born 2019
Member of City Council 2015-2019. Lawyer who has held several senior public sector positions.
Milan
Italy
1,370,000
Giuseppe Sala
Since 2016
Green Europe (Green)
Directly elected
Born 1958
Re-elected 2021 with overall majority in first round. Background as manager in both private and public sector. Chief Executive of the Milan Expo 2015 company from 2012 - 2015.
Moscow
Russia
13,010,000
Sergei Sobyanin
Since 2010
United Russia (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1958
Politician. Putin ally. Was Putin's Chief of Staff in Kremlin 2008-2010. Deputy Prime Minister 2008-2010.
Oslo
Norway
700,000
Raymond Johansen
Since 2015
Labour Party (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1961
City Commissioner 1992-1995. Worked in several refugee and aid organisations as well as serving as a State Secretary for Foreign Affairs between 2001-2002 and 2005-2009. Party Secretary of the Labour Party 2009-2015.
Paris
France
2,150,000
Anne Hidalgo
Since 2014
Socialist Party (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1959
First female mayor of Paris. First Deputy Mayor 2001-2014. Former civil servant in Labour Inspectorate and subsequently worked in ministerial offices 1997-2001.
Rome
Italy
2,260,000
Roberto Gualtieri
Since 2021
Democratic Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1966
Deputy Director of Gramsci Institute. Member of European Parliament 2009 - 2019. Minister of Economy and Finance in Italian Government 2019-2021.
Rotterdam
Netherlands
660,000
Ahmed Aboutaleb
Since 2009
Labour Party (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1961
Moroccan origin. World Mayor 2021. Became an Alderman in Rotterdam in 2004. Previously worked as an electrical engineer and in media and in civil service. Dutch government minister 2007-2008.
St Petersburg
Russia
5,600,000
Alexander Beglov
Since 2019
United Russia (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1956
Engineer. Has worked in engineering and construction management in both Soviet and post-Soviet eras.
Stockholm
Sweden
980,000
Karin Wanngård
Since 2022
Social Democrats (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1975
Previously mayor 2014-2018 when she led a coalition administration. Member of City Council since 1994.
Vienna
Austria
1,930,000
Michael Ludwig
Since 2018
Social Democratic Party (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1961
Member of City Council and Provincial Parliament since 1999. President of Austrian Association of Towns and Cities. Previously worked in education management.
Warsaw
Poland
1,860,000
Rafal Trzaskowski
Since 2018
Civic Platform (Centrist)
Directly elected
Born 1972
Political scientist. Minister in Government 2013-2015. Contested presidency of Poland in 2020 losing narrowly. Signed Pact of Free Cities in 2019 and also a LGBT Declaration which provoked an LGBT free zone response from Conservatives.
Zurich
Switzerland
430,000
Corine Mauch
Since 2009
Social Democratic Party (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1960
City Council since 1999. First woman and open lesbian to be mayor of Zurich. Previously worked for Swiss Institute of Technology.
AUSTRALASIA
Auckland
New Zealand
1,700,000
Wayne Brown
Since 2022
Fix Auckland (Conservative leaning)
Directly elected
Born 1946
Engineer. Business owner and property developer. Former mayor of Far North District Council.
Melbourne
Australia
4,590,000
Sally Capp
Since 2018
Independent (Centrist leaning)
Directly elected
Year of birth not known. Born in Papua New Guinea. Has worked extensively in managing agencies promoting Melbourne including a period in London, UK. Previously Liberal Party member.
Sydney
Australia
4,700,000
Clover Moore
Since 2004
Independent (Centrist leaning)
Directly elected
Born 1945
Longest serving and first female Lord Mayor of Sydney. Formerly worked as a teacher. Member of NSW parliament 1988 - 2012. First elected to City Council in 1980.
Wellington
New Zealand
550,000
Tory Whanau
Elected October 2022
Independent (endorsed by Green Party)
Directly elected
Born 1983
Green Party Parliamentary Chief of Staff 2017-2022. First person of Maori descent to be mayor. Worked in marketing for insurance companies and for the Film Censor's office.
ASIA
Ankara
Turkey
5,160,000
Mansur Yavas
Since 2019
Republican People's Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1955
Lawyer. Mayor of Beypazan 1999-2009, as member of far-right Nationalist Movement Party.
Bangkok
Thailand
16,260,000
Chadchart Sittipunt
Since 2022
Independent (Centrist leaning)
Directly elected
Born 1967
Academic and Engineer. Minister of Transport in national government 2012-2014 (for Pheu Thai Party).
Beijing
China
18,960,000
Yin Yong
Since 2022
Chinese Communist Party (Communist)
Indirectly elected
Born 1969
Vice Mayor of Beijing 2018-2022. Member of 20th Central Committee of CCP. A Vice Governor of People's Bank of China. Has a Masters from Harvard University. Succeeded Chen Jining in October 2022. Appointment confirmed January 2023.
Delhi
India
11,000.000
Shelly Oberoi
Since 2023
Aam Aadami Party (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1983
Assistant Professor at Delhi University and holds PhD.
Istanbul
Turkey
15,204,000
Ekrem Imamoglu
Since 2019
Republican People's Party (Progressive)
Directly elected
Born 1970
Mayor of Beylikduzu 2014-2019. Won re-run election in 2019 by large margin after original tight result annulled. Convicted in December 2022 of insulting electoral officials.
Jakarta
Indonesia
9,600,000
Hero Budi Hartone
Since 2022
Independent. Appointed Governor in an Acting capacity Head of Presidential Secretariat 2017 -2022. Succeeded Anies Rasyid Baswedan as Governor of Jakarta.
Manila
Philippines
13,490,000
Honey Lacuna
Since 2022
Asenso Manileño Movement and Democratic Action (Centrist)
Directly elected
Born 1965
Medical doctor specialising in dermatology. Vice Mayor 2016-2022. City Council member 2004-2013.
Mumbai
India
12,500,000
Vacant
Osaka
Japan
2,730,000
Hideyuki Yokoyama
Since 2023
Osaka Restoration (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1981
Official of Osaka Prefectural Government then member of Osaka Prefectural Assembly 2011-2023. Current Secretary General of Osaka Restoration Association.
Seoul
South Korea
9,590,000
Oh Se-hoon
Since 2021
People Power (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1961
Lawyer. Served as mayor of Seoul 2006-2011 and member of National Assembly 2000-2004.
Shanghai
China
21,910,000
Gong Zheng
Since 2020
Chinese Communist Party (Communist)
Indirectly elected
Born 1960
Worked in customs system for 25 years. Member of 19th Central Committee.
Taipei
Taiwan
2,600,000
Chang Wan-an
Since 2022
Chinese Nationalist Party - KMT (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1978
Youngest ever Taipei mayor. Member Taiwan legislature 2016-2022.
Tokyo
Japan
9,730,000
Yuriko Koike
Since 2015
Independent (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1952
TV journalist; Member of House of Representatives 1993-2016; Environment Minister 2003-2006 then Defence Minister 2008.
AFRICA
Cape Town
South Africa
4,800,000
Geordin Gwyn Hill-Lewis
Since 2021
Democratic Alliance (Centrist)
Indirectly elected
Born 1986
National Assembly member 2011-2021. Held several shadow minister portfolios. Previously worked in office of Western Cape Premier Helen Zille.
Casablanca
Morocco
3,600,000
Nabila Rmli
Since 2021
National Rally of Independents (Centrist)
Indirectly elected
Born 1974
Medical doctor. Chose mayoralty over being national Minister of Health. Casablanca Settat Health Director since 2017.
Freetown
Sierra Leone
609,000
Yvonne Aki-Sawyer
Since 2018
All Peoples Congress (Progressive)
Indirectly elected
Born 1968
Chartered Accountant. Lived and worked in London for many years.
Johannesburg
South Africa
8,000,000
(Urban area)
Thapelo Amad
Since 2023
Al Jama-ah (Conservative)
Indirectly elected
Date of birth not known. Imam and first Muslim mayor of city. Elected with support of African National Congress. Replaced Mpho Phalatse of Democratic Alliance after no confidence vote.
Lagos
Nigeria
12,800,000
Babajide Sanwo-Olu
Since 2019
All Progressives Congress (Centrist)
Directly elected
Born 1968
Career in banking and from 2003 in public service. Elected governor of Lagos State in 2019.
Nairobi
Kenya
4,400,000
Johnson Sakaja
Since 2022
United Democratic Alliance (Conservative)
Directly elected
Born 1985
Nairobi Senator 2017-2022. National Assembly member 2013-2017. Formerly Chair of (defunct) National Alliance.


International associations
Centrist Democrat International (CDI) – centre-right and Christian democrat parties
Global Greens - green and ecology parties
International Democrat Union (IDU) – conservative parties
International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties (IMCWP) - communist parties of the far left
Liberal International (LI) – centrist and liberal parties
Progressive Alliance (PA) and Socialist International (SI) – socialist and social democratic parties


*The research was carried out in January and February 2023. The introduction was published in March. Introduction and table were updated in June and July 2023.


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